新编英美报刊阅读教程
本书已经由东北林业大学出版社出版于2008年5月正式出版发行，欲订购者请与该社联系
Lesson 1 British Prime Ministers
2007年6月27日，英国历史上任期最长的工党首相布莱尔宣布辞去首相职务，向英国女王伊丽莎白二世正式递交了辞呈，从而结束了自己长达10年的首相生涯。财政大臣戈登·布朗接替其职务。
Part I Speed Reading
From Daily Mirror1
June 27, 2007
Brown takes over as Britain's prime minister
By Sophie Walker
LONDON (Reuters2) - Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as prime minister on Wednesday and promised changes after a decade of Labour Party3 rule marred by a lack of trust in the government since the Iraq war.
After waiting 10 years for Blair to go, the long-serving chancellor faces a resurgent Conservative Party and needs to give Labour a fresh start if it is to regain popularity among voters and win a fourth consecutive term.
"This will be a new government with new priorities," Brown said in a statement to reporters outside the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street4.
"I've heard the need for change ... and this need for change cannot be met by the old politics," he said. "And now let the work of change begin."
On an emotional day, Blair, who has towered over politics since a landslide election5 win in 1997, went to Buckingham Palace6 to tender his resignation to the Queen7.
Soon afterwards, a smiling Brown, accompanied by his wife Sarah, said goodbye to staff at the Treasury8 which he has run throughout Blair's premiership.
He then made the same short journey past central London landmarks to the palace where the Queen asked him to form a government. He emerged from the palace after 55 minutes to find his saloon car had been swapped for a shiny new Jaguar9.
Brown's first task is to appoint a new ministerial team, with far-reaching changes to Blair's old cabinet.
Blair, the second longest serving prime minister in a century, led Labour to an unprecedented three consecutive election wins. But, for many, his legacy has been tarnished by his decision to back the U.S.-led war in Iraq.
"The first priority of Gordon Brown has to be recognising the disaster of the strategy in Iraq and making plans for the withdrawal of our forces," said Labour MP10 Jeremy Corbyn11, a critic of Blair and the Iraq war.
Britons will have to get used to a new style in their leader. In contrast to Blair's outgoing personality, Brown is a dour man not given to showing his emotions.
Blair continued to steal the spotlight with reports he was about to be named Middle East envoy for the United States, Russia, the European Union and the United Nations.
Before going to the palace, Blair answered questions in a packed parliament for the last time, displaying his mastery of debating skills in a session marked by humour and emotion.
SORRY ABOUT DANGERS
Blair began by offering condolences to families of British servicemen killed in Iraq and Afghanistan in the last week and paid tribute to the armed forces.12
"I am truly sorry about the dangers that they face today in Iraq and Afghanistan. I know some may think that they face these dangers in vain. I don't and I never will," he said.
He finished with a final word on politics: "It is still the arena that sets the heart beating a little faster" before signing off simply with: "I wish everyone -- friend or foe -- well. And that is that. The end."
Blair appeared choked up and Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett13 was in tears as lawmakers gave Blair a long standing ovation.
Brown received a boost from an opinion poll that put Labour just one percentage point behind the Conservatives and from the defection to Labour of a Conservative parliamentarian who slammed David Cameron's15 leadership of the main opposition.
The Conservatives14 have surged ahead of Labour in polls since last October. Brown does not have to call another election until 2010.
Brown has vowed to revitalise Labour and learn from what he called the divisive Iraq war, although he still backs the decision to join the 2003 U.S.-led invasion and has said British troops will abide by their United Nations' obligations in Iraq.
New Words
mar [mB:]v.弄坏, 毁坏, 损害n.损伤, 毁损, 障碍
resurgent [ri5sE:dVEnt] adj.复活的
consecutive [kEn5sekjutiv] adj.连续的, 联贯的
emotional [i5mEuFEnl] adj.情绪的, 情感的
landslide [5lAndslaId] n.山崩；压倒性胜利
swap [swCp] v.交换n.交换
unprecedented [Qn5presidEntid] adj.空前的
dour [duE] adj.不爱讲话的, 阴沉的
spotlight [5spCtlait] n.聚光灯；群众注意的中心
condolence [kEn5dEulEns] n.哀悼, 吊唁
arena [E5ri:nE] n.竞技场, 舞台
foe [fEu] n.反对者, 敌人
ovation [Eu5veiFEn] n.热烈欢迎, 欢呼
defection [di5fekFEn] n.缺点, 背信, 背叛, 变节
surge [sE:dV] n.巨涌, 汹涌, 澎湃 vi.汹涌, 澎湃,
divisive [di5vaisiv] adj.分裂的
Notes
1. Daily Mirror 英国《每日镜报》
2. Reuters 英国路透社,世界主要通讯社之一。
3. Labour Party 英国工党
4. 10 Downing Street 唐宁街10号，英国首相官邸。经常用作英国政府的代名词。
5. a landslide election win in 1997 指“新工党”在1997年的英国大选中获得了一边倒的巨大胜利。
6. Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫，英国女王住所。
7. the Queen. 指伊丽莎白女王二世。
8. the Treasury 指英国财政部， 1997年5月至2007年6月间，布朗任财政大臣并创下连任财政大臣的纪录
Jaguar美洲豹，是英国轿车的一种名牌产品，商标为一只正在跳跃前扑的"美洲豹"雕像，矫健勇猛，形神兼备，具有时代感与视觉冲击力，它既代表了公司的名称，又表现出向前奔驰的力量与速度，象征该车如美洲豹一样驰骋于世界各地。该公司于1989年被美国福特汽车公司兼并，成为福特汽车公司生产豪华轿车的重要基地。
10. MP 是 Member of Parliament的缩写， 指（英国）下院议员
11. Jeremy Corbyn, 吉米·考宾
12. Blair began by offering condolences to families of British servicemen killed in Iraq and Afghanistan in the last week and paid tribute to the armed forces. 布莱尔向上周在伊拉克和阿富汗阵亡的英国士兵家庭表示哀悼，并向部队致敬。Afghanistan阿富汗(西南亚国家)
13. Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett 外交大臣玛格利特·班克特
14. Conservative Party 保守党。英国是两党制国家。两党分别为工党和保守党。英国保守党 的前身为托利党,1833年改为现名。
15. David Cameron 大卫·卡梅伦，英国保守党领袖。
Exercises
True or False
1. After waiting 10 years，Gordon Brown faces a resurgent Conservative Party and needs to give Labour a fresh start if it is to regain popularity among voters and win a fourth consecutive term.
2. Brown's first task is to appoint a new ministerial team, changing Blair's old cabinet.
3. Before going to 10 Downing Street, Blair answered questions in a packed parliament for the last time, displaying his mastery of debating skills in a session marked by humour and emotion.
4. Brown does not have to call another election until 2011
5. Brown has vowed to learn from what he called the Iraq war, because he doesn’t back the decision to join the 2003 U.S.-led invasion.
Part II Reading in Depth
From Newsweek1
July 16, 2007
Gordon Brown's Successful Debut
By D'Ancona
It is ironic that, in his first week as prime minister, the most embarrassing mistake made by the famously numerate Gordon Brown was to miscalculate the number of days he had been in charge. Asked by David Cameron at his first Prime Minister's Questions2 why he had not banned a particular Islamist group, Brown said: "I think the leader of the opposition forgets I've been in this job for five days."
Actually, by then he had been in No. 10 for seven days. But we always knew that the weekly ritual of Prime Minister's Questions would be a nervous chore for Brown, never a political actor or orator of Tony Blair's caliber. Much more striking was the overall success of the new P.M.'s first week. The man who was expected to be ponderous and dispiriting has been fleet of foot and sometimes dazzling.
Many predicted that Brown would have a detailed plan for his first 100 days. What he grasped was that it is the first 100 hours that really count. In his 10 years as Chancellor of the Exchequer3, Brown was often derided as conspiratorial, dour and unpleasant. So his first task was to shed this image. Every incoming prime minister reshuffles his cabinet, but Brown declared that his would be a "government of all the talents."
This meant promoting the Labour Party's young stars, such as David Miliband4 (who takes over as the youngest foreign secretary in 30 years); James Purnell, the Culture secretary5, and Ed Balls, the Schools minister6. It meant showing clemency to close allies of Tony Blair who had been sharply critical of Brown as chancellor, such as John Hutton7. Most controversially, it meant bringing those from outside the Labor Party into government: a former Tory8, Shaun Woodward9, is now Northern Ireland secretary10. As chancellor, Brown loved cliques and factions, not least because he was often plotting against Blair. Now he proposes to govern "inclusively," saying he has "listened and learned."
The hard part will be to translate his bounce in the polls into resilient public confidence, and to restore trust in a government tarnished by the turmoil in Iraq.11 There was deep symbolism, therefore, in Brown's decision to make constitutional reforms his first major policy announcement, designed to bolster the accountability of the executive, strengthen Parliament and end what became known under Blair as "sofa government"—government by a gang sitting in the prime minister's den.12
Indeed, in his first crucial hours, Brown's most important message to the public was: I am not Blair. The word "change" featured eight times in his brief statement outside No. 10 on the day he became prime minister. He declared himself to be the "change" candidate in the next general election.
This is a remarkably audacious strategy, not least because Brown has been an M.P. for 23 years and was chancellor for 10. His face is very familiar, and he has never engaged public affections as Blair did in his first spell as P.M. Worse, Brown is up against a youthful, modernizing Tory leader in Cameron, who cycles to work at the House of Commons13, speaks knowledgeably about his iPod14 and has put fashionable greenery at the heart of Conservative policy.15
Yet if Brown can caricature Cameron as just a pale imitation of Blair—Tony's Mini-Me—he can also, he believes, present the Tory leader as outdated. Brown's camp argues that Cameron, with his Blairesque charisma and relaxed manner, would have been a plausible leader in 1997 but is ill equipped for the tough challenges of 2007: terrorism, globalization, international crime, unprecedented population mobility. In crude terms, the new P.M.'s sell is: don't send a boy to do a man's job.
In this respect, the Islamist car-bomb plot, uncovered less than 48 hours after Brown became P.M., enabled him to showcase his greatest strengths. Blair was defined by his response to the death of Diana16 and the trembling lip that accompanied his encomium to the "people's princess." For many voters, Brown will already have been defined as the new P.M. who held his nerve and spoke with quiet poise as the police were still inspecting the propane tanks and fuel canisters that had packed the cars.
A sea of troubles lies ahead: disengagement from Iraq, the demands for a referendum on the latest European treaty, ID cards, the rise of English nationalism, and the landscape of welfare dependency and social breakdown the Tories aptly call Britain's "broken society." All these and many other issues will bedevil Brown. Yet whatever is said of him in the months ahead, and whatever electoral fate ultimately awaits him, in his first week he unquestionably looked and sounded like the prime minister of the country he has yearned to lead for so long.17
New Words
numerate [5nju:mEreit] adj. 有数学头脑的
caliber [5kAlIbE(r)] n. 口径, 才干
ponderous [5pCndErEs] adj. 笨重的,冗长的,沉闷的,(指问题等)呆板的
dispirit [dis5pirit] vt. 使沮丧,使气馁
dazzling [5dAzliN] adj. 眼花缭乱的,耀眼的
conspiratorial [kEn7spirE5tC:riEl] adj. 阴谋的,阴谋者的
reshuffle [5ri:5FQfl] n. 改组 v.改组
clemency [5klemEnsi] n. 温和,仁慈,和蔼
clique [kli:k] n. 派系
resilient [ri5ziliEnt] adj. 弹回的,有回弹力的
bolster [5bEulstE] v. 支持
den [den] n. 兽穴, 洞穴, (舒适的)私室(作学习或办公用)
audacious [C:5deiFEs] adj. 大胆的,鲁莽的,大胆创新的
greenery [5^ri:nEri] n. 温室, 草木
caricature [7kArikE5tjuE] n. 讽刺画,讽刺描述法 vt. 用漫画表现；使滑稽化
charisma [kE5rizmE] n. 超凡魅力,感召力
plausible [5plC:zEbl] adj. 似是而非的
encomium [en5kEumjEm] n. 赞辞,赞美,称赞
propane [5prEupein] n. 丙烷
canister [5kAnistE] n. (放咖啡, 茶叶, 烟等的)小罐, 筒, (防毒面具的)滤毒罐
referendum [7refE5rendEm] n. 公民投票, (外交使节)请示书
Notes
1. Newsweek 美国《新闻周刊》
2. Prime Minister's Questions 英国议会中的首相接受提问的时间
3. Chancellor of the Exchequer 英国财政大臣
4. David Miliband戴维·米利班德
5. James Purnell，the Culture secretary詹姆斯·珀内尔,文化大臣
6. Ed Balls, the Schools minister埃德·鲍尔斯,儿童学校和家庭国务大臣
7. John Hutton. 约翰赫顿，被视为是布莱尔的最亲密支持者。布莱尔辞职后, 2007年6月被新任首相布朗任用出任国务卿。
8. Tory英国保守党党员。英国保守党 的前身为托利党,1833年改为现名。因此也将保守党人称为托利派
9. Shaun Woodward肖恩·伍德沃德
10. Northern Ireland secretary 北爱尔兰事务大臣
11. The hard part will be to translate his bounce in the polls into resilient public confidence, and to restore trust in a government tarnished by the turmoil in Iraq. 最难的是把自己民意测验结果的反弹转变成公众信心的恢复，并恢复因伊拉克骚乱而丧失的公众对政府的信任。
12. There was deep symbolism, therefore, in Brown's decision to make constitutional reforms his first major policy announcement, designed to bolster the accountability of the executive, strengthen Parliament and end what became known under Blair as "sofa government"—government by a gang sitting in the prime minister's den. 布朗决定把宪法改革作为自己上台后的第一个重大方针有着很深的象征意义，这项方针是打算加强行政人员的责任感，加强国会，并结束布莱尔时期的“沙发政府”，即由一群仅支持首相的人组成的政府。"sofa government" 沙发政府
13. The House of Commons 英国国会下院
14. iPod 苹果公司生产的音乐播放器
15. His face is very familiar, and he has never engaged public affections as Blair did in his first spell as P.M. Worse, Brown is up against a youthful, modernizing Tory leader in Cameron, who cycles to work at the House of Commons, speaks knowledgeably about his iPod and has put fashionable greenery at the heart of Conservative policy. 他的面孔大家很熟悉了，他不曾像布莱尔那样当选首相初期就吸引公众的爱慕。更糟的是，布朗面临的是一个年轻的、现代的保守党领袖卡梅伦，他骑自行车到下议院上班，渊博地谈论自己的苹果iPod，并且给保守党的方针增加了时尚的新气象。
16. Diana 英国前王妃，与查尔斯王子离婚，后遇车祸去世。
17. Yet whatever is said of him in the months ahead, and whatever electoral fate ultimately awaits him, in his first week he unquestionably looked and sounded like the prime minister of the country he has yearned to lead for so long. 然而无论人们说未来几个月他会怎样，也不管最终什么样的大选命运等待着他，毫无疑问的是，在第一周里他看起来和听起来都很像这个他多年来渴望领导的国家的首相。
Exercises
Comprehension
1. The famously numerate Gordon Brown was to miscalculate the number of days he had been in charge，when ________.
A. he answered David Cameron at his first Prime Minister's Questions
B. he had been in No.10 Downing Street
C. he promoted the Labour Party’s young star
D. he was expected to be ponderous and dispiriting
2. Brown’s success in the first week was more striking by means of ______.
A. his numerate mind
B. his efficiency
C. the help of Tony Blair
D. his wisdom
3. Many people predict that Brown would have a detailed plan for his first ____________
A. 30 years.
B. 10 year.
C. 100 days.
D. 100 hours
4. What does Brown's most important message to the public: “I am not Blair.” mean?
A. He wants to do something different from Blair.
B. He is not Blair’s colleague any more.
C. He will live in the shadow of Blair.
D. He is disgusted with Blair.
5. Which of the following statement is true according to the article?
A. Brown loved cliques and factions, just because he was often plotting against Blair.
B. Brown caricatured Cameron as just a pale imitation of Blair
- For most voters, Brown has not yet been defined as the new P.M.
D. A sea of troubles lies ahead of the new Prime Minister.
Questions on the article
1. What kind of government is Brown going to build?
2. What will be the hard part for Brown?
3. Why does the writer think that Brown’s policy of constitutional reforms is a remarkably audacious strategy?
4. Why does Brown's camp argue that Cameron is ill equipped for the tough challenges of 2007?
5. What does the writer think of Brown?
Topics for Discussion
1. What do you think of Brown’ “government of all the talents”?
2. Is it possible for Brown to solve a sea of troubles lying ahead?
Part III Background Information
布莱尔与工党
英国是两党内阁制的国家。英国的两党制与内阁制相结合，具有以下特点：①内阁由下院大选中获得多数席位的政党单独组成。②由下院多数党领袖担任首相。③一党内阁和阁员只对下院负责，如失去下院信任，内阁全体辞职；或者首相提请国王解散议会，重新大选，组成新的一党内阁。④下院最大的反对党可建立影子内阁。
在内阁制国家，获得立法机构多数席位的政党实际上控制了政府行政机构。多数党领袖出任政府首脑，组织政府内阁，体现着政党对立法机关和行政机关的双重作用。在英国，首相通常由执政党领袖担任，首相负责组成政府内阁，大臣则是根据政党背景任命的。他们既属于政府，也属于政党，而且必须是议员。内阁既是议会的一部分，又是政府领导机构。执政党领袖利用组阁权大量任命本党党员充任政府机构中的各种要职，执政党也通过内阁大力推行和实施本党的纲领和政策。
布莱尔和戈登·布朗两人都是具有苏格兰背景的英国政治家，布莱尔的背景要稍逊布朗。布莱尔牛津本科毕业，年轻时候梦想成为摇滚歌手。布朗是爱丁堡大学历史博士，橄榄球爱好者，为此导致左眼失明。早年在工党内部，布朗远较布莱尔资深。出人意料的是，1997年大选，布莱尔居然成功说服布朗，退居次席，自己参加选举并当选首相。众多英国政治评论员传言，1994年，两人曾经有过私人承诺，布朗支持布莱尔竞选首相，布莱尔成功之后，将在适当时候让位给布朗。
英国前首相布莱尔是在其任期中卸下首相的职位，并没有解散国会，而且工党仍然是英国国会中的执政党，所以工党能够在不用经过选举的情况下推选出工党内资深而德高望重的领袖（布朗）来当任首相。
布莱尔1953年出生于苏格兰爱丁堡，父亲是律师，母亲是教员，他童年的大部分时间是在杜伦（Durham）度过的。布莱尔在有“苏格兰的伊顿”之称的费茨中学接受教育，后来又在牛津大学圣约翰学院学习法律，并获得学位。大学毕业后，布莱尔在1975年加入工党，1982年代表工党在一个传统的保守党选区比肯斯菲尔德（Beaconsfield）参选国会议员失败。在20世纪80年代早期，布莱尔在工党内被认为是“软左派”（soft left），当时这一派正试图控制工党。
1983年他当选为塞奇菲尔德（Sedgefield）选区国会议员，并连任至今。1983年和1987年工党两次在大选中败于撒切尔夫人之后，布莱尔坚定地站在党内改革派一边。他与改革派领袖尼尔·基诺克（Neil Kinnock）合作，成为影子内阁的一名成员，将工党改造成一个更温和的政党。当基诺克因1992年工党选举失败而辞职之后，布莱尔继续在约翰·史密斯（John Smith）的影子内阁中任内政大臣。1994年史密斯心脏病发去世，由布莱尔担任工党领袖，布莱尔与布朗一起改造工党，修改其党章，去除了有关国有化的政策，而更强调自己擅长的财政议题（当时的保守党政府无法解决经济问题），并将其政党称作“新工党”。“新工党”在1997年的英国大选中获得了一边倒的巨大胜利。
戈登·布朗在上任成为财政大臣之后，在这仅次于首相的重要位置上，一干就是10年，不仅创下150年来担任财政大臣一职时间最长的纪录，而且协助布莱尔打造了“新工党”，全力推出一系列改革措施，英国经济实现了低通胀、低失业率、低利率和高增长的奇迹。他出人意料地赋予英格兰银行（The Bank of England）独立制定利息基本利率（Base rate of interest）的权力和责任，从而使其控制货币政策。他对英国经济做出了两大杰出贡献。首先，他给予英国中央银行“独立操作”的权限。其次，没有加入欧洲单一货币体系。
2004年1月27日和1月28日两天可以算是布莱尔政治生涯中最危险的两天，被称为“在地狱中的24小时”。由于工党内部的反对，他的高等教育法案有可能没有办法通过二读——这是他上任后面临的首次类似的政治危机。
2007年5月10日布莱尔在自己位于英国塞奇菲尔德选区的特里姆登向支持者发表讲话，宣布将于6月27日向英女王递交辞呈，结束长达10年的首相岁月。
2007年6月24日在曼彻斯特，工党副首相选举结束，哈莉特•哈曼（50.4%）以微弱优势击败呼声很高的艾伦·约翰逊（49.6%），当选副首相。与此同时，不选而胜的布朗正式成为工党下议院领袖，在2007年6月27日成为英国首相。
Part IV Journalistic Knowledge
报刊英语的特点
随着我国与世界各国的交往日益频繁，英文报刊作为媒介手段和信息转换工具，越来越凸显其重要性，越来越被社会各界所重视。阅读英文报刊也是一种乐趣，从英文报刊中不但可以了解海外的许多时事，亦可获得丰富而广泛的知识，从政治、经济、军事、外交到科技、文化、教育、体育、娱乐无所不包。在报刊阅读的过程中通过接触各种文体、各种风格不同的文章，不但可以提高英语的实际阅读能力，增强语感，增进英语学习兴趣，也有助于提高各种文体的英语写作能力。但很多学了多年英语的人却感到很难读懂英文报纸或期刊。其主要原因在于缺乏有关英文报刊的基本知识，比如报刊英语的结构特征和语言特点、修辞与逻辑等等。如果了解了报刊英语的基本特点，略加以这方面的阅读练习，就可以收到事半功倍的效果。
1.词汇特点
1）语言简练
由于报刊上刊载的新闻时效性强,因此,语言必须简练、省时易懂。报刊文体的词汇结构虽然趋于复杂,但在可能的情况下,还是尽量选用较短的词代替长词,例如:在报刊上常用bid, ban, probe, pact 等词来代替attempt, forbid, investigation, treaty 等词。在英国报刊上还常常用“Tory”来代替“the Conservative Party”。
2）使用新词、复合词、外来语、俚语以及行话等
为了表达的需要和追求新奇,报刊文体常使用“临时新造词”(noncewords) 。从表达效果上看,这些新造词虽然比普通词更为生动、形象、有力,但因为它们是在写作过程中临时创造或拼凑起来的,且多为应时应景而用,所以很难成为“时髦词”,也很难被词典收录。如supercrat (bureaucrat in the highest position 高级官员)；anti - corruption (反腐倡廉)；youthquake (美国六十年代的青年运动狂澜)。
俚语以其生动形象、委婉幽默的特点,正在被越来越多的人所接受,特别在报刊文体中更是倍受青睐。新闻记者常采用俚语使语言显得自然亲切、生动诙谐、新颖时髦。行话是指某一行业内人士常说的话,外行人未必懂。但很多行话在语言发展过程中逐步为大众所接受,成为通用的词语。报刊文字常借用各种行话，一方面可以迎合各行业人士的口味,使他们读后备感亲切;另一方面,亦可增强语言的色彩和表现力。
3）词汇多具有客观性
真实性是新闻报导赖以生存的基石,失实的新闻报道必然失信于听众读者。通过广泛使用直接引语和间接引语,少用形容词来增加其真实性和生动性,同时也显示撰稿人立场的客观性。在词义方面,报刊文体的用词大都是客观报道性的词汇,很少用富有感情色彩和主观判断的词。此外像say, report, announce, indicate, claim, regard 一类的动词也很频繁,以表明所报道的消息是客观的、有根据的,而不是片面的。
2.句式特点
新闻报道在句式上也有相应的省略手段，为节约篇幅，采用一系列手段浓缩、精练句式，使报道更加精炼。较常见的有前置定语、名词定语、身份同位语前置、词性转化、借代、缩略词和嵌入结构等。例如短语作前置定语on-the-job problems（工作时所出的问题）；句子作前置定语a Papa-knows-best family（父亲说了算的家庭）；名词短语作前置定语25-member European Union（25个成员国组成的欧盟）；Capitol (Hill) / Hill(国会山——美国国会)是借地名代机构；Wall Street（华尔街——美国金融市场）是借地名代行业、社会阶层等等。
3．修辞特点
运用修辞可增加新闻英语语篇的吸引力和可读性，有助语篇交际功能的实现。
1）常用比喻、排比、夸张、对照。例如：The noise is loud enough to wake the dead.（噪音大得足以把死人吵醒——夸张）；New ideas for an old crop.（古老作物的新出路——对照）；Detroit's Uphill Battle.（底特律的爬坡战——暗喻:美国汽车工业不景气）。
2）运用讽刺、幽默、双关、矛盾修饰。例如：Liberty, Equality—and Insecurity.（自由，平等，不安全——讽刺）；Can enemies become mortal friends? （敌人能成为不共戴天的朋友吗？——矛盾修饰）；The odds are they will sit on these hills for years.（他们很可能在这山上坐上几年——幽默)等等。
4．标题特点。
报刊中的标题既要概括出最主要的事实和主题思想,又要能够吸引读者,这就决定了它既要准确鲜明,又要生动凝练。
1）省略。报刊英语标题写作的一大特色就是省略。语言的省略和浓缩,可以使其更加简短有力。例如：题目Married women to get care allowance = Married women are to get care allowance。
2）时态。近来,报刊英语中的标题常常运用给人动态感觉的动词或动词短语来替代过去经常出现的名词或名词短语,这样,不仅使读者阅读时有了时间感,而且更使标题栩栩如生。标题中最常见的时态是一般现在时,甚至在描写过去发生的事件时,作者也常常选择这一时态,因为这样可以使读者有一种直接感和同时感。例如：Producer Prices Fall A Sharp 1.1% 和13 die as Crowded Van Crosses M4 等等。一般将来时和现在进行时也被经常运用。
3）用词特点。标题用词特点之一是尽量使用小词、短词，力求用有限的字数来表达新闻的内容。例如：表示“放弃”这一概念的动词，标题一般不用abandon,而用drop, give up, quit等等；表示“爆炸”之类的动词意义时，一般不用explode而用blast crash或smash等等。
用词特点之二是大量使用缩写词和截缩词。例如：CPPCC = The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(中国人民政治协商会议); 又如：graduate = grad, cigarette = cig等等。
用词特点之三是使用复合词代替意义相同的表达形式，以使标题简洁。例如: Zhu Visits Flood-hit Regions = Zhu visits the regions hit by flood. (朱镕基慰问灾区)。
4）修辞特点。朴实简洁虽然是新闻文体的主色调,但是,多种修辞技巧的运用可以更加引起读者的兴趣。精彩的标题往往涉及到了对照、双关、拟人、头韵、仿拟、借代和比喻等多种修辞手段。例如：标题Can he do a Deng? 文章谈的是是否戈尔巴乔夫能像邓小平一样在苏联搞改革，这里do和Deng押头韵。
在追求修辞效果和深层含意方面上讲,新闻标题和文学英语有不少共通之处。比如：A Tale of Two Hearts文章谈的是关于一个心脏病人换了人造心脏的事，套用了狄更斯名著: A Tale of Two Cities(《双城记》)。
英文报刊文体词汇的特点远不止这些,而且,随着时代的发展，一些新的表达方式和方法必将会伴随特定的环境应运而生,以适应反映新的现实生活的需要,还有待于我们作更深入的探讨和研究。
